DOI: 10.24818/jamis.2025.02006
Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 328-360, 2025
© 2025. This work is openly licensed via CC BY 4.0.
Author(s): Alexey Litvinenko1,a, Anna Litvinenkob and Samuli Saarinenc
a University of Tartu, Estonia
b allinn University of Technology, Tallinn School of Business and Governance, Estonia
c Estonian Business School, Estonia
1 Corresponding author: Alexey Litvinenko, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Narva mnt 18, Tartu, Estonia, Tel: +372 56 93 66 11, email addresses: alexey.litvinenko@ut.ee ; alx199@gmail.com.
Keywords: cash-based ratios, accrual-based ratios, ratio analysis, forecasting, financial
health
JEL codes: G17, G33, C53
Abstract
Research Question: Which of the forecasting methods (SMA, ARIMA, ES) is the most
informative? Can forecasting methods be used to verify each other’s results? How do the
manipulations in historical data affect the forecasting of accrual and cash ratios?
Motivation: Addressing the challenge of analytical precision in financial forecasting, the research proposes and empirically investigates the financial forecasting approach based on integrated cash-based and accrual-based ratio analysis in the dimensions of solvency, liquidity, efficiency and profitability.
Idea: The effectiveness of the forecasting methods based on ratio analysis is evaluated by determining the most informative approach while examining how data manipulations influence forecasting outcomes.
Data: Historical panel data for seven years (2015-2022) from financial statements of two production companies listed on the Baltic Stock Exchange was taken as a base for equally-weighted ratio calculations: solvency, liquidity, efficiency and profitability. Based on the ratio results, the forecasting for three years was done. Tools: Quantitative forecasting methods included Simple Moving Average method implemented in Excel, and ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing done via R-Script.
Findings: Exponential Smoothing is the most informative method of forecasting for three years due to its sensitivity to data fluctuations, particularly in cash-based ratios. The forecasts based on accrual data show smoother trends when a company manipulates its data in accrual-based financial statements but does not manipulate the historical cash data. Volatility or conflicting results within the accrual-based and cash-based ratio pairs reveal the actual situation.
Contribution: The research contributes to knowledge and empirical research on financial forecasting by integrating accrual and cash-based ratios for enhanced precision and demonstrating superior capabilities of Exponential Smoothing for detecting anomalies and improving credit risk analysis frameworks.
Full paper at: http://online-cig.ase.ro/jcig/art/24_2_6.pdf
